Ecological succession refers to the process of how an ecosystem changes and develops over time. This change can happen after a big disturbance such as a wildfire, a volcanic eruption, or when a new area is colonized, like when sand dunes become covered in vegetation. Basically, the entire process can be thought of as a series of steps, where different plant and animal communities replace each other in a predictable pattern.

In the beginning, when there is no life or living organisms in a new or disturbed area, it is called the “primary succession.” The first organisms to arrive are usually small, simple plants like moss and lichens. These pioneer species are adapted to harsh conditions and can survive in areas with little or no soil. They start breaking down rocks and organic debris, creating soil that is more suitable for other plants.

As the soil develops, more complex plants like grasses, shrubs, and saplings take root in the area. These are called “early successional” or “seral” species. They can grow faster and compete better for resources like sunlight and nutrients. This stage is usually characterized by increased biodiversity and stability in the ecosystem.

Over time, the seral species make way for larger, longer-lived trees, which mark the “climax community” stage. These trees are often shade-tolerant and have the ability to dominate the area. The climax community represents a stable, mature ecosystem with a relatively constant composition of plant and animal species. However, it’s worth noting that disturbances can reset the succession process and start it over again.