Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential nutrient required for various physiological processes in the human body. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of DNA, red blood cell formation, energy production, and proper functioning of the nervous system.

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning it dissolves in water and is not stored well in the body. It is primarily obtained from the diet, with animal-based foods being the richest sources. Meats (such as beef, chicken, and pork), fish (such as salmon and trout), eggs, and dairy products are excellent sources of Vitamin B12. Some fortified plant-based foods, like breakfast cereals and plant-based milks, also contain Vitamin B12.

The absorption of Vitamin B12 from food involves several steps and requires a normally functioning stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Intrinsic factor, a protein produced in the stomach, binds to Vitamin B12 and allows for its absorption in the small intestine.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is relatively common, especially among vegetarians, vegans, and older adults. Individuals who follow a plant-based diet without consuming adequate fortified foods or supplements may have difficulty meeting their Vitamin B12 needs. Deficiency can cause fatigue, weakness, pale skin, tingling or numbness in extremities, and even nerve damage if left untreated.

Supplementation or consumption of fortified foods is often recommended for individuals at risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency. Regular monitoring of Vitamin B12 levels through blood tests is important to ensure adequate intake and prevent deficiency-related health complications.