The thyroid gland is a complex organ that is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body. Thyroid hormones affect almost every cell and organ in the body, regulating metabolism, growth, and development, and impacting immune function, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common disorders that occur when the thyroid gland produces too little or too much hormone, respectively. Treatment for these conditions typically involves medication to regulate hormone levels and occasional surgical intervention in severe cases.