Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by the persistent elevation of blood pressure in the arteries. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and expressed as two values: the systolic pressure (the top number) over the diastolic pressure (the bottom number).

Normal blood pressure is typically defined as below 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension occurs when blood pressure consistently exceeds this range. It is classified into two categories: primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension.

Primary hypertension is the most common type and develops gradually over time. It often has no identifiable cause and is influenced by multiple factors, such as genetics, age, diet, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions.

Secondary hypertension, on the other hand, arises due to an underlying health condition such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or side effects of medications. Treatment of secondary hypertension involves addressing the underlying cause.

Uncontrolled hypertension can have detrimental effects on various organs and systems in the body, including the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and brain. It significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks and strokes, as well as kidney damage and vision problems.

Managing hypertension involves lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, limiting salt intake, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding tobacco use, and managing stress. In some cases, medication may also be prescribed to help lower blood pressure. Regular monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare provider are crucial to ensure proper management of hypertension.