Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disorder characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage in one or more joints. Cartilage is the smooth, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones and allows them to move smoothly over each other. In a healthy joint, cartilage acts as a cushion, absorbing shock and providing a smooth surface for joint movement. When cartilage deteriorates, the bones may rub against each other, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of joint function.

OA most commonly affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, as well as the hands and fingers. It is often associated with aging, as the cumulative effects of mechanical stress and biological changes in the joint tissues over time contribute to its development. However, factors such as genetics, previous joint injuries, obesity, and certain medical conditions can also increase the risk of developing OA at any age.

The exact cause of OA is not fully understood, but a combination of genetic, mechanical, and environmental factors likely contributes to its onset. Age-related changes in cartilage structure and function, as well as imbalances in the activity of enzymes responsible for cartilage breakdown and repair, are believed to play a significant role.

While there is no cure for OA, various treatment options can help manage symptoms and improve joint function. These may include pain-relieving medications, physical therapy and exercise programs, assistive devices (such as braces or canes), weight management, and in severe cases, joint replacement surgery.

It is important for individuals with OA to work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and goals. Regular exercise, in particular, can help strengthen the muscles around the affected joints, reduce pain, and improve mobility. Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding excessive joint stress can help slow down the progression of the disease and improve overall joint health.