Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to the formation of open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. These ulcers occur when the normal protective mechanisms of the stomach lining are disrupted, allowing stomach acid and digestive enzymes to damage the underlying tissues.

The most common cause of PUD is infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium can colonize the stomach and weaken the protective mucus layer, leading to inflammation and ulcer formation. Another significant cause of PUD is the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen. These medications can directly irritate the stomach lining, impair its ability to repair itself, and increase the risk of ulcers.

The symptoms of PUD can vary but often include a burning or gnawing pain in the abdomen, particularly between meals or at night. Other common symptoms include bloating, belching, feeling full after eating small amounts, nausea, and vomiting. Some individuals may also experience black, tarry stools (indicating bleeding from the ulcer) or a sudden, sharp abdominal pain (suggesting a perforation or penetration of the ulcer).

Treatment of PUD involves a combination of approaches, depending on the underlying cause. If H. pylori infection is present, a course of antibiotics is prescribed to eradicate the bacteria. Acid-suppressing medications like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine blockers can help reduce the production of stomach acid, allowing the ulcers to heal. Lifestyle modifications such as avoiding trigger foods, managing stress, and quitting smoking are also recommended. In rare cases where complications occur or ulcers don’t respond to other treatments, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Preventing PUD involves minimizing the use of NSAIDs, managing H. pylori infections, and adopting a healthy lifestyle. It’s essential to seek medical attention if experiencing persistent abdominal pain or other concerning symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve long-term outcomes.