Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that primarily affects the lungs. It results in inflammation and can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. When these microorganisms enter the lungs, they can infect the air sacs (alveoli) and cause them to fill with fluid or pus, impairing the lung’s ability to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Common symptoms of pneumonia include cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. The severity of symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the individual’s overall health, the specific pathogen causing the infection, and other factors.

Pneumonia can be acquired in several ways. It can be community-acquired, meaning it is contracted outside of healthcare settings, or it can be acquired in hospitals or other healthcare facilities (known as healthcare-associated pneumonia). Additionally, pneumonia can be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it occurs when foreign material, such as food or liquids, enters the lungs.

Diagnosing pneumonia typically involves a combination of physical examination, chest X-rays, and laboratory tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the infection. Bacterial pneumonia is commonly treated with antibiotics, whereas antiviral medications may be prescribed for viral pneumonia. In some cases, antifungal drugs are necessary for fungal pneumonia.

Prevention strategies for pneumonia include vaccination against certain pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) for high-risk individuals. Practicing good respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, frequent handwashing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals, can also help reduce the risk of contracting or spreading pneumonia.

It’s crucial to seek medical attention if pneumonia is suspected, especially in severe cases or for vulnerable populations, as prompt treatment can aid in recovery and prevent complications.