Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor originating in the prostate gland, a vital part of the male reproductive system located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells within the prostate multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumor that can invade nearby tissues and potentially spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

The exact cause of prostate cancer remains elusive, but several risk factors have been identified. Age is a significant factor, with prostate cancer primarily affecting older men, especially those over 65. Genetic factors also play a role, as individuals with a family history of prostate cancer have an increased risk. Additionally, men of African-American descent have a higher incidence of prostate cancer compared to other racial groups.

Prostate cancer often develops slowly, and in its early stages, it may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as the cancer progresses, it can lead to problems with urinary functions, including increased frequency, difficulty starting or stopping urination, weak urine flow, or blood in the urine. Advanced prostate cancer may cause additional symptoms such as bone pain, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and erectile dysfunction.

Detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer typically involve a combination of medical history evaluation, digital rectal examination (DRE), and blood tests, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement. If an abnormality is detected, further diagnostic tests such as a prostate biopsy or imaging scans may be conducted.

Treatment decisions for prostate cancer depend on various factors, including the cancer’s stage, grade, and aggressiveness, as well as the patient’s overall health and personal preferences. Treatment options include active surveillance (regular monitoring), surgery (radical prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation or brachytherapy), hormone therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. The choice of treatment aims to achieve optimal outcomes while minimizing side effects and preserving quality of life.