Desert ecology is the study of how organisms have adapted to survive in the extreme conditions of arid regions. Deserts are defined by their low precipitation levels, typically receiving less than 250 mm (10 inches) of rainfall per year. These regions can be found across the globe, including the Sahara in Africa, the Arabian Desert in the Middle East, and the Mojave Desert in the United States.

Plants in desert ecosystems have evolved various strategies to thrive in water-scarce environments. Xerophytes, plants adapted to dry conditions, often have small, thick, or waxy leaves to reduce evaporation and water loss. They may also possess specialized tissues or succulent structures that store water. Examples of desert-adapted plants include cacti, agaves, and mesquite trees.

Animals in the desert have also developed unique adaptations to withstand the challenges of limited water and extreme temperatures. Some animals, like camels and kangaroo rats, are capable of conserving water by producing concentrated urine and minimizing sweat loss. Others, such as the Fennec fox and Desert tortoise, have behavioral adaptations and physical characteristics that allow them to escape the midday heat and seek shade or burrows.

Desert ecosystems are complex and interconnected, with organisms relying on each other for survival. For instance, desert plants provide shelter and food sources for insects, which in turn are prey for larger animals. Despite the seemingly inhospitable conditions, deserts support remarkable biodiversity, showcasing the resilience and adaptability of life on Earth. Understanding desert ecology is crucial for conservation efforts and managing these fragile ecosystems in a changing climate.