Lupus, or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), is a complex autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. This results in chronic inflammation that can affect multiple organs and systems, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, and brain.

Though the exact cause of lupus is unknown, it is believed to arise from a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Certain genes are thought to increase the susceptibility to lupus, but additional triggers, such as sunlight, infections, medications, or hormonal changes, may play a role in activating the immune system and triggering the disease.

Lupus predominantly affects women, usually appearing during their reproductive years. However, it can also occur in men, children, and older individuals.

Lupus symptoms vary greatly among individuals, and they can flare up and then go into remission. Common symptoms include extreme fatigue, joint pain and swelling, skin rashes (especially a butterfly-shaped rash on the face), fever, chest pain, hair loss, and sensitivity to sunlight. The severity of symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening, with some cases affecting major organs and causing serious complications.

Diagnosis of lupus involves a thorough evaluation of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. There is no single test for lupus, so diagnosis relies on the presence of specific symptoms and the results of various blood tests, including those that measure autoantibodies commonly seen in lupus.

Treatment for lupus aims to alleviate symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and minimize organ damage. Medications commonly used include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and antimalarial drugs. In addition to medication, lifestyle modifications like sun protection, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management are important for managing the disease.

While lupus is a chronic condition with no cure, ongoing research and advancements in treatment have greatly improved the prognosis for people with lupus. With proper management and care, many individuals with lupus are able to lead fulfilling and productive lives.