A stroke, scientifically known as a cerebrovascular accident, refers to the abrupt interruption or reduction of blood supply to a part of the brain. This disruption in blood flow deprives brain cells of oxygen and nutrients, leading to their dysfunction and, potentially, irreversible damage.

Ischemic strokes account for about 80% of all strokes and occur when a clot or other debris obstructs a blood vessel in the brain. The clot can originate within the brain’s blood vessels, known as thrombotic strokes, or travel from another location in the body, called embolic strokes. Common sources of emboli include blood clots formed within the heart due to conditions like atrial fibrillation or arterial plaques that break off from larger blood vessels.

Hemorrhagic strokes, on the other hand, result from the rupture of a blood vessel within the brain, leading to bleeding and the accumulation of blood in the surrounding tissue. This can occur due to longstanding high blood pressure, weakening of blood vessel walls (aneurysm), or trauma.

The symptoms of a stroke depend on the affected area of the brain, but they often manifest suddenly and include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, severe headache, vision problems, dizziness, and loss of coordination.

Immediate medical attention is crucial to minimize brain damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment options may include medication to dissolve blood clots (thrombolytic therapy), mechanical removal of clots (thrombectomy), or surgical interventions for hemorrhagic strokes.

Preventing strokes involves managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and diabetes. Lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise, a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol consumption, and avoiding smoking, can significantly reduce the risk of stroke. Regular check-ups and prompt treatment of underlying medical conditions are also important preventive measures.