Cirrhosis is a chronic condition characterized by the progressive scarring and loss of function of the liver. This scarring, known as fibrosis, occurs as a result of different etiologies and impairs the liver’s ability to perform its vital functions.

The main causes of cirrhosis include chronic alcohol abuse, chronic viral hepatitis infections (such as hepatitis B or C), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and autoimmune diseases (e.g., autoimmune hepatitis). Prolonged exposure to these risk factors leads to inflammation and damage within the liver, triggering a wound-healing process that replaces healthy liver tissue with fibrous scar tissue.

As cirrhosis progresses, the liver’s architecture becomes distorted, impairing its critical functions. The liver is responsible for metabolizing drugs and toxins, producing bile for digestion, storing vitamins and minerals, and removing harmful substances from the blood. When cirrhosis occurs, these processes are disrupted, leading to a range of symptoms and complications.

Common signs of cirrhosis include fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain and swelling, easy bruising and bleeding, and weakness. Complications of cirrhosis can include fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites), bleeding from enlarged veins in the esophagus or stomach (varices), hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction), and an increased risk of liver cancer.

The management of cirrhosis involves treating the underlying cause while addressing the complications. Lifestyle modifications, such as abstaining from alcohol and adopting a healthy diet, are crucial. Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms, reduce liver inflammation, and promote regeneration of liver cells. In advanced cases, liver transplantation may be the only option to restore liver function.

Regular monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare provider are essential for people with cirrhosis to optimize their quality of life and minimize the risk of further liver damage.